3565
神鋼挖掘機7-1柴油機基本概念
2019/6/9
熱(re)機：熱(re)機是一種把熱(re)能轉(zhuan)換為可(ke)做功的(de)機械(xie)裝置。產生(sheng)(sheng)熱(re)能的(de)三要素：產生(sheng)(sheng)熱(re)能的(de)三個(ge)必需(xu)要素是：空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)、柴(chai)(chai)(chai)油(you)(you)(you)(you)和(he)燃(ran)燒(shao)(shao)(shao)。加熱(re)的(de)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)和(he)柴(chai)(chai)(chai)油(you)(you)(you)(you)混合進行燃(ran)燒(shao)(shao)(shao)，產動機運轉(zhuan)需(xu)要的(de)力(li)。空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)：空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)中含有(you)(you)氧氣(qi)(qi)，柴(chai)(chai)(chai)油(you)(you)(you)(you)燃(ran)燒(shao)(shao)(shao)需(xu)要氧氣(qi)(qi)。柴(chai)(chai)(chai)油(you)(you)(you)(you)：柴(chai)(chai)(chai)油(you)(you)(you)(you)燃(ran)燒(shao)(shao)(shao)后(hou)產生(sheng)(sheng)熱(re)能和(he)力(li)。霧化后(hou)的(de)柴(chai)(chai)(chai)油(you)(you)(you)(you)容易著(zhu)火和(he)有(you)(you)效(xiao)地燃(ran)燒(shao)(shao)(shao)。?燃(ran)燒(shao)(shao)(shao)：當空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)柴(chai)(chai)(chai)油(you)(you)(you)(you)混合加熱(re)到足夠著(zhu)火時(shi)發生(sheng)(sheng)燃(ran)燒(shao)(shao)(shao)，必須以(yi)可(ke)控(kong)的(de)方式迅速燃(ran)燒(shao)(shao)(shao)以(yi)產生(sheng)(sheng)熱(re)能。?燃(ran)燒(shao)(shao)(shao)室：燃(ran)燒(shao)(shao)(shao)室是燃(ran)油(you)(you)(you)(you)和(he)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)混合并在其(qi)中燃(ran)燒(shao)(shao)(shao)的(de)密封腔室，由缸套、活塞、缸頭(tou)和(he)進排氣(qi)(qi)門組(zu)成。?影響燃(ran)燒(shao)(shao)(shao)的(de)因素：燃(ran)燒(shao)(shao)(shao)受三個(ge)因素的(de)影響1被(bei)壓(ya)(ya)縮(suo)的(de)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)量(liang)(liang)。2使用柴(chai)(chai)(chai)油(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)型號。3與空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)混合的(de)柴(chai)(chai)(chai)油(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)數(shu)量(liang)(liang)。?壓(ya)(ya)縮(suo)：空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)是可(ke)壓(ya)(ya)縮(suo)的(de)；空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)壓(ya)(ya)縮(suo)時(shi)產生(sheng)(sheng)熱(re)量(liang)(liang)，壓(ya)(ya)縮(suo)的(de)空(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)越(yue)多，產生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)熱(re)量(liang)(liang)越(yue)大。挖掘(jue)機維修,挖掘(jue)機修理(li),維修挖掘(jue)機,修理(li)挖掘(jue)機
如果壓縮(suo)到足(zu)夠(gou)程度，就(jiu)形成高于柴(chai)(chai)油(you)(you)著火的(de)溫(wen)(wen)度。?柴(chai)(chai)油(you)(you)的(de)型發(fa)(fa)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)使用的(de)柴(chai)(chai)油(you)(you)型號影響燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)燒(shao)(shao)，因(yin)為不同型號的(de)柴(chai)(chai)油(you)(you)有不同的(de)著火溫(wen)(wen)度，柴(chai)(chai)油(you)(you)只有在(zai)(zai)最適合的(de)溫(wen)(wen)度下燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)燒(shao)(shao)才能燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)燒(shao)(shao)得更(geng)徹底。?柴(chai)(chai)油(you)(you)的(de)數量：柴(chai)(chai)油(you)(you)的(de)數量也是重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)；因(yin)為柴(chai)(chai)油(you)(you)越多(duo)，燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)燒(shao)(shao)時產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)力越大(da)。當柴(chai)(chai)油(you)(you)噴射到一個含有足(zu)夠(gou)的(de)空(kong)氣(qi)且空(kong)氣(qi)溫(wen)(wen)度高于柴(chai)(chai)油(you)(you)著火點(dian)的(de)封閉空(kong)間時，柴(chai)(chai)油(you)(you)與空(kong)氣(qi)混(hun)(hun)合并燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)燒(shao)(shao)，產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)巨(ju)大(da)的(de)熱量和力。?燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)燒(shao)(shao)過(guo)程：柴(chai)(chai)油(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)：空(kong)氣(qi)首先在(zai)(zai)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)燒(shao)(shao)室中被壓縮(suo)直到溫(wen)(wen)度足(zu)使柴(chai)(chai)油(you)(you)著火，然后柴(chai)(chai)油(you)(you)噴射到熱的(de)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)燒(shao)(shao)室中，發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)燒(shao)(shao)。汽油(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)：汽油(you)(you)和空(kong)氣(qi)在(zai)(zai)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)燒(shao)(shao)室外混(hun)(hun)合，然后進入燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)燒(shao)(shao)室，混(hun)(hun)合氣(qi)在(zai)(zai)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)燒(shao)(shao)室中被壓縮(suo)，用火花塞(sai)點(dian)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)混(hun)(hun)合氣(qi)，發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)燒(shao)(shao)。?熱能的(de)轉換:在(zai)(zai)以(yi)上兩種發(fa)(fa)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)中，燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)油(you)(you)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)燒(shao)(shao)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)巨(ju)大(da)的(de)熱能。
它使封閉(bi)在(zai)(zai)燃(ran)(ran)燒室(shi)(shi)中(zhong)的(de)(de)燃(ran)(ran)燒氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)體膨脹，推動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)活塞(sai)下(xia)(xia)行。在(zai)(zai)活塞(sai)向下(xia)(xia)運(yun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)時，它推動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)其他部件做功。發動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機使用兩種運(yun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)把(ba)(ba)燃(ran)(ran)燒產生的(de)(de)熱能轉換成實用的(de)(de)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)，即：往復運(yun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)和回轉運(yun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)。?燃(ran)(ran)燒的(de)(de)四(si)(si)個(ge)過程(cheng)(cheng)：燃(ran)(ran)燒需(xu)要的(de)(de)四(si)(si)個(ge)過程(cheng)(cheng)：1空氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)進(jin)入燃(ran)(ran)燒室(shi)(shi)。2空氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)壓縮。3噴射和點(dian)(dian)燃(ran)(ran)柴油(you)。4排出燃(ran)(ran)燒后的(de)(de)廢氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。?四(si)(si)沖(chong)(chong)程(cheng)(cheng)循(xun)環：以(yi)上(shang)每一(yi)步驟稱為一(yi)個(ge)沖(chong)(chong)程(cheng)(cheng)，四(si)(si)個(ge)沖(chong)(chong)程(cheng)(cheng)為：進(jin)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、壓縮、動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)、排氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。燃(ran)(ran)燒室(shi)(shi)各零件在(zai)(zai)循(xun)環的(de)(de)每一(yi)步中(zhong)都(dou)精確(que)配合工(gong)作。在(zai)(zai)一(yi)次四(si)(si)沖(chong)(chong)程(cheng)(cheng)循(xun)環中(zhong)，活塞(sai)往復運(yun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)兩次，曲軸旋(xuan)轉兩轉（720°）。?進(jin)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)沖(chong)(chong)程(cheng)(cheng)：四(si)(si)沖(chong)(chong)程(cheng)(cheng)循(xun)環從進(jin)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)沖(chong)(chong)程(cheng)(cheng)開(kai)始，在(zai)(zai)進(jin)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)沖(chong)(chong)程(cheng)(cheng)期間(jian)，進(jin)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)門(men)開(kai)啟，活塞(sai)向下(xia)(xia)運(yun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)把(ba)(ba)空氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)缸，直(zhi)到活塞(sai)到達(da)它的(de)(de)最低點(dian)(dian)（下(xia)(xia)止點(dian)(dian)BDC），進(jin)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)門(men)關(guan)閉(bi)；在(zai)(zai)整個(ge)進(jin)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)沖(chong)(chong)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)。
曲軸旋(xuan)(xuan)轉180°。?壓縮(suo)沖(chong)程(cheng)：在壓縮(suo)沖(chong)程(cheng)期(qi)間，進(jin)、排(pai)(pai)(pai)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)門(men)都關閉(bi)(bi)，燃(ran)燒(shao)室(shi)封(feng)閉(bi)(bi)，活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)塞(sai)在氣(qi)(qi)(qi)缸(gang)套中(zhong)向(xiang)上運(yun)(yun)動，直到活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)塞(sai)到達它的(de)最高點(dian)（上止點(dian)TDC）；活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)塞(sai)的(de)向(xiang)上運(yun)(yun)動壓縮(suo)了氣(qi)(qi)(qi)缸(gang)中(zhong)的(de)空氣(qi)(qi)(qi)，使(shi)空氣(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)溫度升高；在整個壓縮(suo)沖(chong)程(cheng)中(zhong)，曲軸旋(xuan)(xuan)轉180°。氣(qi)(qi)(qi)缸(gang)中(zhong)空氣(qi)(qi)(qi)被壓縮(suo)的(de)比率稱為(wei)發動機(ji)的(de)壓縮(suo)比。大多數(shu)柴油(you)機(ji)的(de)壓縮(suo)比在1到1之(zhi)間。?動力(li)(li)沖(chong)程(cheng)：在將近壓縮(suo)沖(chong)程(cheng)的(de)終點(dian)時，柴油(you)噴(pen)射到燃(ran)燒(shao)室(shi)中(zhong)，柴油(you)燃(ran)燒(shao)后(hou)迅速(su)膨(peng)脹的(de)燃(ran)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)迫(po)使(shi)活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)塞(sai)向(xiang)下(xia)(xia)運(yun)(yun)動，這就(jiu)是動力(li)(li)沖(chong)程(cheng)。在動力(li)(li)沖(chong)程(cheng)中(zhong)，進(jin)、排(pai)(pai)(pai)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)門(men)仍(reng)然(ran)關閉(bi)(bi)，封(feng)閉(bi)(bi)了燃(ran)燒(shao)室(shi)，所以(yi)才(cai)能使(shi)燃(ran)燒(shao)后(hou)產生(sheng)的(de)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)體力(li)(li)作用(yong)在活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)塞(sai)上，使(shi)活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)塞(sai)向(xiang)下(xia)(xia)運(yun)(yun)動，使(shi)曲軸旋(xuan)(xuan)轉180°。?排(pai)(pai)(pai)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)沖(chong)程(cheng)：在排(pai)(pai)(pai)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)沖(chong)程(cheng)期(qi)間，排(pai)(pai)(pai)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)門(men)打(da)開，活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)塞(sai)向(xiang)上運(yun)(yun)動把燃(ran)燒(shao)后(hou)的(de)廢氣(qi)(qi)(qi)排(pai)(pai)(pai)出氣(qi)(qi)(qi)缸(gang)。
為下(xia)一次(ci)循(xun)環的(de)(de)(de)進氣(qi)沖(chong)程(cheng)(cheng)作準備。當(dang)活(huo)塞(sai)(sai)向上運動(dong)到(dao)達(da)上止(zhi)點(dian)(dian)（TDC）時(shi)，排氣(qi)門(men)(men)關(guan)閉，進氣(qi)門(men)(men)重(zhong)新(xin)打開(kai)，進入下(xia)一循(xun)環。?發火(huo)次(ci)序(xu)：各缸(gang)到(dao)達(da)動(dong)力沖(chong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)次(ci)序(xu)稱(cheng)為發動(dong)機的(de)(de)(de)發火(huo)次(ci)序(xu)。?上止(zhi)點(dian)(dian)（TopDeadCenter）：上止(zhi)點(dian)(dian)是指(zhi)活(huo)塞(sai)(sai)在(zai)(zai)氣(qi)缸(gang)中的(de)(de)(de)最(zui)高位(wei)置。活(huo)塞(sai)(sai)在(zai)(zai)排氣(qi)沖(chong)程(cheng)(cheng)結(jie)(jie)束，進氣(qi)沖(chong)程(cheng)(cheng)開(kai)始(shi)時(shi)和壓(ya)(ya)縮沖(chong)程(cheng)(cheng)結(jie)(jie)束，動(dong)力沖(chong)程(cheng)(cheng)開(kai)始(shi)時(shi)到(dao)達(da)上止(zhi)點(dian)(dian)。?下(xia)止(zhi)點(dian)(dian)（BottomDeadCenter）：下(xia)止(zhi)點(dian)(dian)是指(zhi)活(huo)塞(sai)(sai)在(zai)(zai)氣(qi)缸(gang)中的(de)(de)(de)最(zui)低位(wei)置。活(huo)塞(sai)(sai)在(zai)(zai)進氣(qi)沖(chong)程(cheng)(cheng)結(jie)(jie)束，壓(ya)(ya)縮沖(chong)程(cheng)(cheng)開(kai)始(shi)時(shi)和動(dong)力沖(chong)程(cheng)(cheng)結(jie)(jie)束，排氣(qi)沖(chong)程(cheng)(cheng)開(kai)始(shi)時(shi)到(dao)達(da)下(xia)止(zhi)點(dian)(dian)。?沖(chong)程(cheng)(cheng)（Stroke）：活(huo)塞(sai)(sai)從上止(zhi)點(dian)(dian)運動(dong)到(dao)下(xia)止(zhi)點(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)距(ju)離(li)稱(cheng)為沖(chong)程(cheng)(cheng)。?柴油機和汽油機的(de)(de)(de)比(bi)較：1柴油機不(bu)用火(huo)花塞(sai)(sai)，它靠氣(qi)缸(gang)中的(de)(de)(de)高壓(ya)(ya)壓(ya)(ya)縮比(bi)空氣(qi)產生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)很高溫(wen)度來點(dian)(dian)燃霧化的(de)(de)(de)柴油。
2燃(ran)(ran)燒(shao)室(shi)：柴(chai)(chai)油(you)(you)(you)機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)燃(ran)(ran)燒(shao)室(shi)是達到(dao)(dao)上止點的(de)(de)(de)(de)活塞(sai)與缸頭之(zhi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)很(hen)小的(de)(de)(de)(de)空(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)。大(da)部分(fen)(fen)柴(chai)(chai)油(you)(you)(you)機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)活塞(sai)頂(ding)上有成形(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)燃(ran)(ran)燒(shao)室(shi)。汽油(you)(you)(you)機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)燃(ran)(ran)燒(shao)室(shi)由(you)缸頭和活塞(sai)之(zhi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)空(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)形(xing)成。柴(chai)(chai)油(you)(you)(you)機(ji)重(zhong)量(liang)較大(da)，因為它要承受較高的(de)(de)(de)(de)燃(ran)(ran)燒(shao)壓(ya)力和溫度(du)。3壓(ya)縮比(bi)(bi)：柴(chai)(chai)油(you)(you)(you)機(ji)使用較高的(de)(de)(de)(de)壓(ya)縮比(bi)(bi)把空(kong)氣加熱到(dao)(dao)能(neng)點燃(ran)(ran)柴(chai)(chai)油(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)溫度(du)，大(da)部分(fen)(fen)柴(chai)(chai)油(you)(you)(you)機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)壓(ya)縮比(bi)(bi)為1到(dao)(dao)1之(zhi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)。汽油(you)(you)(you)機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)壓(ya)縮比(bi)(bi)一般在1到(dao)(dao)1之(zhi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)。4柴(chai)(chai)油(you)(you)(you)機(ji)能(neng)做較大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)功(gong)。柴(chai)(chai)油(you)(you)(you)機(ji)通常可在給定(ding)時(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)在較低轉(zhuan)速下做較大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)功(gong)。總的(de)(de)(de)(de)說來，柴(chai)(chai)油(you)(you)(you)機(ji)經常運轉(zhuan)在800轉(zhuan)/分(fen)(fen)鐘到(dao)(dao)2200轉(zhuan)/分(fen)(fen)鐘之(zhi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)，扭矩大(da)，功(gong)率大(da)。5柴(chai)(chai)油(you)(you)(you)機(ji)燃(ran)(ran)燒(shao)率高。一定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)輸(shu)出(chu)功(gong)率，柴(chai)(chai)油(you)(you)(you)機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)燃(ran)(ran)油(you)(you)(you)利(li)用率通常比(bi)(bi)汽油(you)(you)(you)機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)高，它只需要較少柴(chai)(chai)油(you)(you)(you)便(bian)可輸(shu)出(chu)額(e)定(ding)功(gong)率。?火(huo)花點火(huo)發(fa)動機(ji)（SparkIgnited）：火(huo)花點火(huo)發(fa)動機(ji)使用丙烷。
甲(jia)烷和(he)(he)(he)酒精作燃(ran)料，這些(xie)燃(ran)料和(he)(he)(he)要求(qiu)低(di)(di)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)燃(ran)料系(xi)列，在(zai)發(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)結構(gou)上要求(qiu)做(zuo)重大(da)改變(bian)。?火花點(dian)火發(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)結構(gou)：很多零件與柴油(you)機(ji)(ji)相(xiang)同或相(xiang)似，如連桿、曲(qu)軸、凸輪軸和(he)(he)(he)氣(qi)缸體。進氣(qi)、排(pai)(pai)氣(qi)、冷卻和(he)(he)(he)燃(ran)油(you)系(xi)統(tong)變(bian)化較(jiao)大(da)，以適應較(jiao)低(di)(di)的(de)(de)空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)-燃(ran)料混合比(bi)，增加了火花塞點(dian)火系(xi)統(tong)。?S.I.活塞：在(zai)S.I.發(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)上，活塞頂上有較(jiao)深的(de)(de)燃(ran)燒室，也有用(yong)平(ping)頂活塞的(de)(de)。?電子技(ji)術：采用(yong)電子傳感器和(he)(he)(he)正時(shi)(shi)裝置(zhi)，用(yong)來改進這些(xie)低(di)(di)排(pai)(pai)放發(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)性能(neng)。?S.I.火花點(dian)火發(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)用(yong)在(zai)：1天(tian)然氣(qi)田用(yong)來壓(ya)(ya)縮(suo)和(he)(he)(he)傳輸氣(qi)體燃(ran)料2農業灌溉水泵3熱(re)電聯供工廠的(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)組。?發(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)動(dong)(dong)作過程(cheng)(cheng)是由進氣(qi)、壓(ya)(ya)縮(suo)、動(dong)(dong)力、排(pai)(pai)氣(qi)。進氣(qi)沖(chong)程(cheng)(cheng)時(shi)(shi)，空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)被氣(qi)缸。再(zai)壓(ya)(ya)縮(suo)沖(chong)程(cheng)(cheng)時(shi)(shi)被壓(ya)(ya)縮(suo)和(he)(he)(he)變(bian)熱(re)。在(zai)動(dong)(dong)力沖(chong)程(cheng)(cheng)時(shi)(shi)燃(ran)燒和(he)(he)(he)膨脹；
在排(pai)(pai)(pai)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)沖程(cheng)時被排(pai)(pai)(pai)出氣(qi)(qi)(qi)缸。燃燒(shao)需要(yao)(yao)兩個必要(yao)(yao)的(de)要(yao)(yao)素：燃油(you)和空氣(qi)(qi)(qi)。燃油(you)和空氣(qi)(qi)(qi)引(yin)起燃燒(shao)，沒有(you)它們發(fa)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)就不會運轉。?這就涉及到空氣(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)供應，用來清潔、壓(ya)縮(suo)(suo)和冷卻發(fa)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)所(suo)需的(de)大(da)量空氣(qi)(qi)(qi)所(suo)用的(de)基(ji)本系(xi)統。?進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)排(pai)(pai)(pai)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)系(xi)統要(yao)(yao)做(zuo)很大(da)量的(de)工作。例如，推土機(ji)上的(de)發(fa)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)每(mei)工作一小時，進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)排(pai)(pai)(pai)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)系(xi)統就必須向該發(fa)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)供應多于(yu)60000加(jia)侖的(de)空氣(qi)(qi)(qi)。?要(yao)(yao)向發(fa)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)供應所(suo)需的(de)空氣(qi)(qi)(qi)，使用三種基(ji)本的(de)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)排(pai)(pai)(pai)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)系(xi)統：自(zi)然吸(xi)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)式(shi)、渦(wo)輪增(zeng)壓(ya)式(shi)和渦(wo)輪增(zeng)壓(ya)后冷式(shi)。被縮(suo)(suo)寫為“NA”、“I”和“TA”。?“NA”---自(zi)然吸(xi)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)式(shi)---是最簡(jian)單的(de)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)排(pai)(pai)(pai)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)系(xi)統。自(zi)然吸(xi)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)意味著發(fa)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)自(zi)然地(di)呼(hu)吸(xi)，由于(yu)大(da)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)壓(ya)和氣(qi)(qi)(qi)缸中因進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)沖程(cheng)時活塞往下移(yi)動(dong)(dong)形成的(de)較低壓(ya)力之間(jian)的(de)壓(ya)力差，使空氣(qi)(qi)(qi)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)入系(xi)統。
?“NA”系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)與所有其它(ta)(ta)進(jin)(jin)排(pai)氣(qi)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)一(yi)樣，從空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)清(qing)器(qi)開始。發(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)要用(yong)的(de)所有空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)要流(liu)經空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)清(qing)器(qi)。?干(gan)式空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)清(qing)器(qi)在車用(yong)發(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)上(shang)是標準裝備。但它(ta)(ta)們都有一(yi)個(ge)或幾個(ge)化(hua)學處理過的(de)紙濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)芯，供(gong)應給發(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)的(de)空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)----不管是用(yong)什(shen)么類型(xing)的(de)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)---必須被過濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)。?經過濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)清(qing)的(de)空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)從空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)清(qing)器(qi)流(liu)入時(shi)氣(qi)歧管，然(ran)后(hou)(hou)進(jin)(jin)入燃燒室，進(jin)(jin)氣(qi)歧管被設(she)計(ji)成為(wei)發(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)運轉時(shi)一(yi)直(zhi)充滿著空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)，所以(yi)它(ta)(ta)能在每個(ge)進(jin)(jin)氣(qi)沖程時(shi)向各個(ge)氣(qi)缸供(gong)應等量(liang)的(de)空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)。?燃燒后(hou)(hou)的(de)廢(fei)氣(qi)通過排(pai)氣(qi)歧管和煙(yan)囪排(pai)出氣(qi)缸，排(pai)氣(qi)煙(yan)囪引導這些“用(yong)過的(de)空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)”遠離空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)清(qing)器(qi)的(de)進(jin)(jin)氣(qi)口。?“T”---渦(wo)輪(lun)增壓式，渦(wo)輪(lun)增壓器(qi)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)不同于簡單(dan)的(de)“NA”系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)。?渦(wo)輪(lun)增壓器(qi)是一(yi)個(ge)同排(pai)氣(qi)驅動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)的(de)壓氣(qi)機(ji)(ji)，用(yong)來增加進(jin)(jin)入發(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)的(de)空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)流(liu)量(liang)。
主要(yao)部件(jian)有壓(ya)(ya)(ya)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)的(de)外殼(ke)；渦(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)的(de)外殼(ke)；轉動的(de)葉輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)裝在(zai)中間(jian)(jian)殼(ke)體中。主我(wo)們(men)看它是(shi)如何工作的(de)？?我(wo)們(men)從與自然吸(xi)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)式系統相同(tong)的(de)基本(ben)部件(jian)開始----空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)濾清(qing)器，進(jin)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)歧(qi)管(guan)，氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)缸(gang)，排(pai)(pai)(pai)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)歧(qi)管(guan)。?在(zai)這里加一(yi)個渦(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)增壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器。渦(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)增壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器的(de)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)部分(fen)連接在(zai)空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)濾清(qing)器和進(jin)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)歧(qi)管(guan)之間(jian)(jian)，而渦(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)部分(fen)連接在(zai)排(pai)(pai)(pai)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)歧(qi)管(guan)的(de)出口(kou)。?柴(chai)油發(fa)動機(ji)(ji)排(pai)(pai)(pai)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)中的(de)能量驅動渦(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)。當柴(chai)油發(fa)動機(ji)(ji)起動時，從排(pai)(pai)(pai)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)歧(qi)管(guan)出來的(de)排(pai)(pai)(pai)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)流被引導向渦(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)。渦(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)和壓(ya)(ya)(ya)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)固定在(zai)同(tong)一(yi)根軸上，排(pai)(pai)(pai)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)通(tong)(tong)過(guo)渦(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)上時，帶動渦(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)和壓(ya)(ya)(ya)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)轉動，排(pai)(pai)(pai)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)然后通(tong)(tong)過(guo)渦(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)增壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器出口(kou)，從排(pai)(pai)(pai)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)煙囪(cong)排(pai)(pai)(pai)出。進(jin)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)從空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)濾清(qing)器流入壓(ya)(ya)(ya)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)的(de)中心處。轉動的(de)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)縮(suo)空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，推動空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)進(jin)入氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)歧(qi)管(guan)和發(fa)動機(ji)(ji)的(de)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)缸(gang)。通(tong)(tong)過(guo)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)縮(suo)更多的(de)空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)進(jin)入氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)缸(gang)。
渦輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)增(zeng)壓(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)使(shi)發動(dong)機能燃燒更(geng)多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)燃油，產(chan)生更(geng)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)功率。?這(zhe)里，我(wo)們(men)(men)再次從與最(zui)基本(ben)的(de)(de)(de)(de)自(zi)然(ran)吸氣(qi)(qi)(qi)式系(xi)統相同(tong)部(bu)件開始。?然(ran)后(hou)(hou)用(yong)這(zhe)種辦法把渦輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)增(zeng)壓(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)和后(hou)(hou)冷(leng)(leng)器(qi)(qi)(qi)加(jia)入系(xi)統。后(hou)(hou)冷(leng)(leng)器(qi)(qi)(qi)連接在(zai)(zai)渦輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)增(zeng)壓(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)壓(ya)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)端的(de)(de)(de)(de)出(chu)口(kou)和進(jin)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)歧(qi)管之(zhi)間。?渦輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)增(zeng)壓(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)工作方式與在(zai)(zai)渦輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)增(zeng)壓(ya)系(xi)統一(yi)樣(yang)，這(zhe)里有(you)所(suo)不(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)是，經(jing)轉動(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)渦輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)增(zeng)壓(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)壓(ya)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)壓(ya)縮后(hou)(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)干凈空氣(qi)(qi)(qi)，在(zai)(zai)進(jin)入進(jin)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)歧(qi)管和發動(dong)機氣(qi)(qi)(qi)缸(gang)之(zhi)前經(jing)過后(hou)(hou)冷(leng)(leng)器(qi)(qi)(qi)。?兩個充滿(man)空氣(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)缸(gang)，氣(qi)(qi)(qi)缸(gang)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)容積是相同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)，但冷(leng)(leng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)空氣(qi)(qi)(qi)壓(ya)縮的(de)(de)(de)(de)更(geng)緊密(mi)，重量比同(tong)樣(yang)容積的(de)(de)(de)(de)熱的(de)(de)(de)(de)空氣(qi)(qi)(qi)更(geng)重。熱脹冷(leng)(leng)縮是事物的(de)(de)(de)(de)自(zi)然(ran)性(xing)質，因(yin)此我(wo)們(men)(men)用(yong)后(hou)(hou)冷(leng)(leng)器(qi)(qi)(qi)來(lai)收縮進(jin)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)，以(yi)使(shi)進(jin)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)密(mi)度更(geng)大(da)。因(yin)此，我(wo)們(men)(men)使(shi)得有(you)更(geng)多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)空氣(qi)(qi)(qi)----更(geng)多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)---用(yong)于燃燒。更(geng)多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)意味著更(geng)多(duo)燃油可以(yi)被燃燒。
從而產生更(geng)大的(de)功率。?后冷(leng)(leng)器(qi)(qi)也可以(yi)被(bei)稱為(wei)一(yi)個(ge)熱(re)交(jiao)換器(qi)(qi)，它(ta)是(shi)一(yi)個(ge)非常簡(jian)單的(de)設備。從發(fa)動(dong)機(ji)冷(leng)(leng)卻系(xi)統中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)過(guo)來的(de)水通(tong)過(guo)一(yi)個(ge)類似于小的(de)散熱(re)器(qi)(qi)芯中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)管路。經渦輪增壓器(qi)(qi)壓縮后的(de)空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)，圍繞著這(zhe)些管路流(liu)(liu)經后冷(leng)(leng)器(qi)(qi)芯。由于水的(de)溫(wen)度(du)比壓縮后空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)溫(wen)度(du)要低，所(suo)以(yi)空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)部(bu)分熱(re)量(liang)傳遞給后冷(leng)(leng)器(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)水。當空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)從后冷(leng)(leng)器(qi)(qi)出來時已(yi)經被(bei)冷(leng)(leng)卻，變的(de)更(geng)密集，然后進入進氣(qi)(qi)(qi)歧管。?另(ling)一(yi)種(zhong)后冷(leng)(leng)器(qi)(qi)使用外部(bu)的(de)空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)代(dai)替水來冷(leng)(leng)卻進氣(qi)(qi)(qi)。在這(zhe)種(zhong)情(qing)況下，進氣(qi)(qi)(qi)通(tong)過(guo)后冷(leng)(leng)器(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)管路；外部(bu)空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)圍繞著管路流(liu)(liu)動(dong)。帶(dai)走熱(re)量(liang)。?讓我們(men)迅(xun)速地(di)回顧(gu)一(yi)下已(yi)經介紹的(de)三種(zhong)進排(pai)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)系(xi)統。自然吸氣(qi)(qi)(qi)式系(xi)統：空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)進入空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)濾清器(qi)(qi)，通(tong)過(guo)進氣(qi)(qi)(qi)歧管流(liu)(liu)入發(fa)動(dong)機(ji)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)缸，在那(nei)里燃燒；排(pai)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)通(tong)過(guo)排(pai)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)歧管和排(pai)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)煙囪(cong)被(bei)排(pai)出。
在(zai)這種(zhong)(zhong)系統(tong)中，空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)由于(yu)大氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)壓(ya)力(li)而被；進(jin)(jin)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)沖(chong)程中活(huo)塞往下運動使(shi)得(de)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)缸(gang)中壓(ya)力(li)變(bian)低，?另一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)系統(tong)—渦(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)增壓(ya)系統(tong)，當柴油發動機(ji)啟動時排氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)被引導向(xiang)渦(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)，使(shi)渦(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)轉動，渦(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)帶動壓(ya)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)輪(lun)(lun)一(yi)起(qi)旋轉。從空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)濾清器處過來的(de)(de)空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)進(jin)(jin)入壓(ya)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)輪(lun)(lun)的(de)(de)中心(xin)部(bu)分，轉動的(de)(de)壓(ya)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)輪(lun)(lun)壓(ya)縮空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，把(ba)空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)壓(ya)入進(jin)(jin)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)歧(qi)管(guan)，再進(jin)(jin)入發動的(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)缸(gang)。渦(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)增壓(ya)器比大氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)壓(ya)力(li)產生更(geng)(geng)大的(de)(de)推力(li)，因此增加了進(jin)(jin)入系統(tong)的(de)(de)空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)流量。?在(zai)渦(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)增壓(ya)器壓(ya)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)輪(lun)(lun)端的(de)(de)出口處加上一(yi)個后冷器，就(jiu)得(de)到了渦(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)增壓(ya)后冷式系統(tong)。后冷器是一(yi)個熱交換器---一(yi)個用水或(huo)空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)來冷卻進(jin)(jin)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)設備。我(wo)們冷卻空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)以(yi)使(shi)它變(bian)得(de)更(geng)(geng)稠(chou)密，所以(yi)有更(geng)(geng)多的(de)(de)空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)能(neng)進(jin)(jin)入發動機(ji)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)缸(gang)。這使(shi)得(de)更(geng)(geng)多的(de)(de)氧氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)能(neng)用于(yu)燃燒，以(yi)允(yun)許發動機(ji)燃燒更(geng)(geng)多的(de)(de)燃油。產生更(geng)(geng)大的(de)(de)功率。
如果壓縮(suo)到足(zu)夠(gou)程度，就(jiu)形成高于柴(chai)(chai)油(you)(you)著火的(de)溫(wen)(wen)度。?柴(chai)(chai)油(you)(you)的(de)型發(fa)(fa)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)使用的(de)柴(chai)(chai)油(you)(you)型號影響燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)燒(shao)(shao)，因(yin)為不同型號的(de)柴(chai)(chai)油(you)(you)有不同的(de)著火溫(wen)(wen)度，柴(chai)(chai)油(you)(you)只有在(zai)(zai)最適合的(de)溫(wen)(wen)度下燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)燒(shao)(shao)才能燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)燒(shao)(shao)得更(geng)徹底。?柴(chai)(chai)油(you)(you)的(de)數量：柴(chai)(chai)油(you)(you)的(de)數量也是重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)；因(yin)為柴(chai)(chai)油(you)(you)越多(duo)，燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)燒(shao)(shao)時產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)力越大(da)。當柴(chai)(chai)油(you)(you)噴射到一個含有足(zu)夠(gou)的(de)空(kong)氣(qi)且空(kong)氣(qi)溫(wen)(wen)度高于柴(chai)(chai)油(you)(you)著火點(dian)的(de)封閉空(kong)間時，柴(chai)(chai)油(you)(you)與空(kong)氣(qi)混(hun)(hun)合并燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)燒(shao)(shao)，產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)巨(ju)大(da)的(de)熱量和力。?燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)燒(shao)(shao)過(guo)程：柴(chai)(chai)油(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)：空(kong)氣(qi)首先在(zai)(zai)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)燒(shao)(shao)室中被壓縮(suo)直到溫(wen)(wen)度足(zu)使柴(chai)(chai)油(you)(you)著火，然后柴(chai)(chai)油(you)(you)噴射到熱的(de)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)燒(shao)(shao)室中，發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)燒(shao)(shao)。汽油(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)：汽油(you)(you)和空(kong)氣(qi)在(zai)(zai)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)燒(shao)(shao)室外混(hun)(hun)合，然后進入燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)燒(shao)(shao)室，混(hun)(hun)合氣(qi)在(zai)(zai)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)燒(shao)(shao)室中被壓縮(suo)，用火花塞(sai)點(dian)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)混(hun)(hun)合氣(qi)，發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)燒(shao)(shao)。?熱能的(de)轉換:在(zai)(zai)以(yi)上兩種發(fa)(fa)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)中，燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)油(you)(you)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)(ran)燒(shao)(shao)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)巨(ju)大(da)的(de)熱能。
它使封閉(bi)在(zai)(zai)燃(ran)(ran)燒室(shi)(shi)中(zhong)的(de)(de)燃(ran)(ran)燒氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)體膨脹，推動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)活塞(sai)下(xia)(xia)行。在(zai)(zai)活塞(sai)向下(xia)(xia)運(yun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)時，它推動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)其他部件做功。發動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機使用兩種運(yun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)把(ba)(ba)燃(ran)(ran)燒產生的(de)(de)熱能轉換成實用的(de)(de)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)，即：往復運(yun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)和回轉運(yun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)。?燃(ran)(ran)燒的(de)(de)四(si)(si)個(ge)過程(cheng)(cheng)：燃(ran)(ran)燒需(xu)要的(de)(de)四(si)(si)個(ge)過程(cheng)(cheng)：1空氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)進(jin)入燃(ran)(ran)燒室(shi)(shi)。2空氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)壓縮。3噴射和點(dian)(dian)燃(ran)(ran)柴油(you)。4排出燃(ran)(ran)燒后的(de)(de)廢氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。?四(si)(si)沖(chong)(chong)程(cheng)(cheng)循(xun)環：以(yi)上(shang)每一(yi)步驟稱為一(yi)個(ge)沖(chong)(chong)程(cheng)(cheng)，四(si)(si)個(ge)沖(chong)(chong)程(cheng)(cheng)為：進(jin)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、壓縮、動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)力(li)、排氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。燃(ran)(ran)燒室(shi)(shi)各零件在(zai)(zai)循(xun)環的(de)(de)每一(yi)步中(zhong)都(dou)精確(que)配合工(gong)作。在(zai)(zai)一(yi)次四(si)(si)沖(chong)(chong)程(cheng)(cheng)循(xun)環中(zhong)，活塞(sai)往復運(yun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)兩次，曲軸旋(xuan)轉兩轉（720°）。?進(jin)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)沖(chong)(chong)程(cheng)(cheng)：四(si)(si)沖(chong)(chong)程(cheng)(cheng)循(xun)環從進(jin)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)沖(chong)(chong)程(cheng)(cheng)開(kai)始，在(zai)(zai)進(jin)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)沖(chong)(chong)程(cheng)(cheng)期間(jian)，進(jin)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)門(men)開(kai)啟，活塞(sai)向下(xia)(xia)運(yun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)把(ba)(ba)空氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)缸，直(zhi)到活塞(sai)到達(da)它的(de)(de)最低點(dian)(dian)（下(xia)(xia)止點(dian)(dian)BDC），進(jin)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)門(men)關(guan)閉(bi)；在(zai)(zai)整個(ge)進(jin)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)沖(chong)(chong)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)。
曲軸旋(xuan)(xuan)轉180°。?壓縮(suo)沖(chong)程(cheng)：在壓縮(suo)沖(chong)程(cheng)期(qi)間，進(jin)、排(pai)(pai)(pai)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)門(men)都關閉(bi)(bi)，燃(ran)燒(shao)室(shi)封(feng)閉(bi)(bi)，活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)塞(sai)在氣(qi)(qi)(qi)缸(gang)套中(zhong)向(xiang)上運(yun)(yun)動，直到活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)塞(sai)到達它的(de)最高點(dian)（上止點(dian)TDC）；活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)塞(sai)的(de)向(xiang)上運(yun)(yun)動壓縮(suo)了氣(qi)(qi)(qi)缸(gang)中(zhong)的(de)空氣(qi)(qi)(qi)，使(shi)空氣(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)溫度升高；在整個壓縮(suo)沖(chong)程(cheng)中(zhong)，曲軸旋(xuan)(xuan)轉180°。氣(qi)(qi)(qi)缸(gang)中(zhong)空氣(qi)(qi)(qi)被壓縮(suo)的(de)比率稱為(wei)發動機(ji)的(de)壓縮(suo)比。大多數(shu)柴油(you)機(ji)的(de)壓縮(suo)比在1到1之(zhi)間。?動力(li)(li)沖(chong)程(cheng)：在將近壓縮(suo)沖(chong)程(cheng)的(de)終點(dian)時，柴油(you)噴(pen)射到燃(ran)燒(shao)室(shi)中(zhong)，柴油(you)燃(ran)燒(shao)后(hou)迅速(su)膨(peng)脹的(de)燃(ran)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)迫(po)使(shi)活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)塞(sai)向(xiang)下(xia)(xia)運(yun)(yun)動，這就(jiu)是動力(li)(li)沖(chong)程(cheng)。在動力(li)(li)沖(chong)程(cheng)中(zhong)，進(jin)、排(pai)(pai)(pai)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)門(men)仍(reng)然(ran)關閉(bi)(bi)，封(feng)閉(bi)(bi)了燃(ran)燒(shao)室(shi)，所以(yi)才(cai)能使(shi)燃(ran)燒(shao)后(hou)產生(sheng)的(de)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)體力(li)(li)作用(yong)在活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)塞(sai)上，使(shi)活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)塞(sai)向(xiang)下(xia)(xia)運(yun)(yun)動，使(shi)曲軸旋(xuan)(xuan)轉180°。?排(pai)(pai)(pai)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)沖(chong)程(cheng)：在排(pai)(pai)(pai)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)沖(chong)程(cheng)期(qi)間，排(pai)(pai)(pai)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)門(men)打(da)開，活(huo)(huo)(huo)(huo)塞(sai)向(xiang)上運(yun)(yun)動把燃(ran)燒(shao)后(hou)的(de)廢氣(qi)(qi)(qi)排(pai)(pai)(pai)出氣(qi)(qi)(qi)缸(gang)。
為下(xia)一次(ci)循(xun)環的(de)(de)(de)進氣(qi)沖(chong)程(cheng)(cheng)作準備。當(dang)活(huo)塞(sai)(sai)向上運動(dong)到(dao)達(da)上止(zhi)點(dian)(dian)（TDC）時(shi)，排氣(qi)門(men)(men)關(guan)閉，進氣(qi)門(men)(men)重(zhong)新(xin)打開(kai)，進入下(xia)一循(xun)環。?發火(huo)次(ci)序(xu)：各缸(gang)到(dao)達(da)動(dong)力沖(chong)程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)次(ci)序(xu)稱(cheng)為發動(dong)機的(de)(de)(de)發火(huo)次(ci)序(xu)。?上止(zhi)點(dian)(dian)（TopDeadCenter）：上止(zhi)點(dian)(dian)是指(zhi)活(huo)塞(sai)(sai)在(zai)(zai)氣(qi)缸(gang)中的(de)(de)(de)最(zui)高位(wei)置。活(huo)塞(sai)(sai)在(zai)(zai)排氣(qi)沖(chong)程(cheng)(cheng)結(jie)(jie)束，進氣(qi)沖(chong)程(cheng)(cheng)開(kai)始(shi)時(shi)和壓(ya)(ya)縮沖(chong)程(cheng)(cheng)結(jie)(jie)束，動(dong)力沖(chong)程(cheng)(cheng)開(kai)始(shi)時(shi)到(dao)達(da)上止(zhi)點(dian)(dian)。?下(xia)止(zhi)點(dian)(dian)（BottomDeadCenter）：下(xia)止(zhi)點(dian)(dian)是指(zhi)活(huo)塞(sai)(sai)在(zai)(zai)氣(qi)缸(gang)中的(de)(de)(de)最(zui)低位(wei)置。活(huo)塞(sai)(sai)在(zai)(zai)進氣(qi)沖(chong)程(cheng)(cheng)結(jie)(jie)束，壓(ya)(ya)縮沖(chong)程(cheng)(cheng)開(kai)始(shi)時(shi)和動(dong)力沖(chong)程(cheng)(cheng)結(jie)(jie)束，排氣(qi)沖(chong)程(cheng)(cheng)開(kai)始(shi)時(shi)到(dao)達(da)下(xia)止(zhi)點(dian)(dian)。?沖(chong)程(cheng)(cheng)（Stroke）：活(huo)塞(sai)(sai)從上止(zhi)點(dian)(dian)運動(dong)到(dao)下(xia)止(zhi)點(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)距(ju)離(li)稱(cheng)為沖(chong)程(cheng)(cheng)。?柴油機和汽油機的(de)(de)(de)比(bi)較：1柴油機不(bu)用火(huo)花塞(sai)(sai)，它靠氣(qi)缸(gang)中的(de)(de)(de)高壓(ya)(ya)壓(ya)(ya)縮比(bi)空氣(qi)產生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)很高溫(wen)度來點(dian)(dian)燃霧化的(de)(de)(de)柴油。
2燃(ran)(ran)燒(shao)室(shi)：柴(chai)(chai)油(you)(you)(you)機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)燃(ran)(ran)燒(shao)室(shi)是達到(dao)(dao)上止點的(de)(de)(de)(de)活塞(sai)與缸頭之(zhi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)很(hen)小的(de)(de)(de)(de)空(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)。大(da)部分(fen)(fen)柴(chai)(chai)油(you)(you)(you)機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)活塞(sai)頂(ding)上有成形(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)燃(ran)(ran)燒(shao)室(shi)。汽油(you)(you)(you)機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)燃(ran)(ran)燒(shao)室(shi)由(you)缸頭和活塞(sai)之(zhi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)空(kong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)形(xing)成。柴(chai)(chai)油(you)(you)(you)機(ji)重(zhong)量(liang)較大(da)，因為它要承受較高的(de)(de)(de)(de)燃(ran)(ran)燒(shao)壓(ya)力和溫度(du)。3壓(ya)縮比(bi)(bi)：柴(chai)(chai)油(you)(you)(you)機(ji)使用較高的(de)(de)(de)(de)壓(ya)縮比(bi)(bi)把空(kong)氣加熱到(dao)(dao)能(neng)點燃(ran)(ran)柴(chai)(chai)油(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)溫度(du)，大(da)部分(fen)(fen)柴(chai)(chai)油(you)(you)(you)機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)壓(ya)縮比(bi)(bi)為1到(dao)(dao)1之(zhi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)。汽油(you)(you)(you)機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)壓(ya)縮比(bi)(bi)一般在1到(dao)(dao)1之(zhi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)。4柴(chai)(chai)油(you)(you)(you)機(ji)能(neng)做較大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)功(gong)。柴(chai)(chai)油(you)(you)(you)機(ji)通常可在給定(ding)時(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)在較低轉(zhuan)速下做較大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)功(gong)。總的(de)(de)(de)(de)說來，柴(chai)(chai)油(you)(you)(you)機(ji)經常運轉(zhuan)在800轉(zhuan)/分(fen)(fen)鐘到(dao)(dao)2200轉(zhuan)/分(fen)(fen)鐘之(zhi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)，扭矩大(da)，功(gong)率大(da)。5柴(chai)(chai)油(you)(you)(you)機(ji)燃(ran)(ran)燒(shao)率高。一定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)輸(shu)出(chu)功(gong)率，柴(chai)(chai)油(you)(you)(you)機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)燃(ran)(ran)油(you)(you)(you)利(li)用率通常比(bi)(bi)汽油(you)(you)(you)機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)高，它只需要較少柴(chai)(chai)油(you)(you)(you)便(bian)可輸(shu)出(chu)額(e)定(ding)功(gong)率。?火(huo)花點火(huo)發(fa)動機(ji)（SparkIgnited）：火(huo)花點火(huo)發(fa)動機(ji)使用丙烷。
甲(jia)烷和(he)(he)(he)酒精作燃(ran)料，這些(xie)燃(ran)料和(he)(he)(he)要求(qiu)低(di)(di)壓(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)燃(ran)料系(xi)列，在(zai)發(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)結構(gou)上要求(qiu)做(zuo)重大(da)改變(bian)。?火花點(dian)火發(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)結構(gou)：很多零件與柴油(you)機(ji)(ji)相(xiang)同或相(xiang)似，如連桿、曲(qu)軸、凸輪軸和(he)(he)(he)氣(qi)缸體。進氣(qi)、排(pai)(pai)氣(qi)、冷卻和(he)(he)(he)燃(ran)油(you)系(xi)統(tong)變(bian)化較(jiao)大(da)，以適應較(jiao)低(di)(di)的(de)(de)空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)-燃(ran)料混合比(bi)，增加了火花塞點(dian)火系(xi)統(tong)。?S.I.活塞：在(zai)S.I.發(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)上，活塞頂上有較(jiao)深的(de)(de)燃(ran)燒室，也有用(yong)平(ping)頂活塞的(de)(de)。?電子技(ji)術：采用(yong)電子傳感器和(he)(he)(he)正時(shi)(shi)裝置(zhi)，用(yong)來改進這些(xie)低(di)(di)排(pai)(pai)放發(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)性能(neng)。?S.I.火花點(dian)火發(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)用(yong)在(zai)：1天(tian)然氣(qi)田用(yong)來壓(ya)(ya)縮(suo)和(he)(he)(he)傳輸氣(qi)體燃(ran)料2農業灌溉水泵3熱(re)電聯供工廠的(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)組。?發(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)動(dong)(dong)作過程(cheng)(cheng)是由進氣(qi)、壓(ya)(ya)縮(suo)、動(dong)(dong)力、排(pai)(pai)氣(qi)。進氣(qi)沖(chong)程(cheng)(cheng)時(shi)(shi)，空(kong)(kong)氣(qi)被氣(qi)缸。再(zai)壓(ya)(ya)縮(suo)沖(chong)程(cheng)(cheng)時(shi)(shi)被壓(ya)(ya)縮(suo)和(he)(he)(he)變(bian)熱(re)。在(zai)動(dong)(dong)力沖(chong)程(cheng)(cheng)時(shi)(shi)燃(ran)燒和(he)(he)(he)膨脹；
在排(pai)(pai)(pai)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)沖程(cheng)時被排(pai)(pai)(pai)出氣(qi)(qi)(qi)缸。燃燒(shao)需要(yao)(yao)兩個必要(yao)(yao)的(de)要(yao)(yao)素：燃油(you)和空氣(qi)(qi)(qi)。燃油(you)和空氣(qi)(qi)(qi)引(yin)起燃燒(shao)，沒有(you)它們發(fa)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)就不會運轉。?這就涉及到空氣(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)供應，用來清潔、壓(ya)縮(suo)(suo)和冷卻發(fa)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)所(suo)需的(de)大(da)量空氣(qi)(qi)(qi)所(suo)用的(de)基(ji)本系(xi)統。?進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)排(pai)(pai)(pai)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)系(xi)統要(yao)(yao)做(zuo)很大(da)量的(de)工作。例如，推土機(ji)上的(de)發(fa)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)每(mei)工作一小時，進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)排(pai)(pai)(pai)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)系(xi)統就必須向該發(fa)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)供應多于(yu)60000加(jia)侖的(de)空氣(qi)(qi)(qi)。?要(yao)(yao)向發(fa)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)供應所(suo)需的(de)空氣(qi)(qi)(qi)，使用三種基(ji)本的(de)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)排(pai)(pai)(pai)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)系(xi)統：自(zi)然吸(xi)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)式(shi)、渦(wo)輪增(zeng)壓(ya)式(shi)和渦(wo)輪增(zeng)壓(ya)后冷式(shi)。被縮(suo)(suo)寫為“NA”、“I”和“TA”。?“NA”---自(zi)然吸(xi)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)式(shi)---是最簡(jian)單的(de)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)排(pai)(pai)(pai)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)系(xi)統。自(zi)然吸(xi)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)意味著發(fa)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)自(zi)然地(di)呼(hu)吸(xi)，由于(yu)大(da)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)壓(ya)和氣(qi)(qi)(qi)缸中因進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)沖程(cheng)時活塞往下移(yi)動(dong)(dong)形成的(de)較低壓(ya)力之間(jian)的(de)壓(ya)力差，使空氣(qi)(qi)(qi)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)入系(xi)統。
?“NA”系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)與所有其它(ta)(ta)進(jin)(jin)排(pai)氣(qi)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)一(yi)樣，從空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)清(qing)器(qi)開始。發(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)要用(yong)的(de)所有空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)要流(liu)經空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)清(qing)器(qi)。?干(gan)式空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)清(qing)器(qi)在車用(yong)發(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)上(shang)是標準裝備。但它(ta)(ta)們都有一(yi)個(ge)或幾個(ge)化(hua)學處理過的(de)紙濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)芯，供(gong)應給發(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)的(de)空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)----不管是用(yong)什(shen)么類型(xing)的(de)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)---必須被過濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)。?經過濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)清(qing)的(de)空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)從空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)清(qing)器(qi)流(liu)入時(shi)氣(qi)歧管，然(ran)后(hou)(hou)進(jin)(jin)入燃燒室，進(jin)(jin)氣(qi)歧管被設(she)計(ji)成為(wei)發(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)運轉時(shi)一(yi)直(zhi)充滿著空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)，所以(yi)它(ta)(ta)能在每個(ge)進(jin)(jin)氣(qi)沖程時(shi)向各個(ge)氣(qi)缸供(gong)應等量(liang)的(de)空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)。?燃燒后(hou)(hou)的(de)廢(fei)氣(qi)通過排(pai)氣(qi)歧管和煙(yan)囪排(pai)出氣(qi)缸，排(pai)氣(qi)煙(yan)囪引導這些“用(yong)過的(de)空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)”遠離空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)濾(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)清(qing)器(qi)的(de)進(jin)(jin)氣(qi)口。?“T”---渦(wo)輪(lun)增壓式，渦(wo)輪(lun)增壓器(qi)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)不同于簡單(dan)的(de)“NA”系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)。?渦(wo)輪(lun)增壓器(qi)是一(yi)個(ge)同排(pai)氣(qi)驅動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)的(de)壓氣(qi)機(ji)(ji)，用(yong)來增加進(jin)(jin)入發(fa)(fa)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)的(de)空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)流(liu)量(liang)。
主要(yao)部件(jian)有壓(ya)(ya)(ya)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)的(de)外殼(ke)；渦(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)的(de)外殼(ke)；轉動的(de)葉輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)裝在(zai)中間(jian)(jian)殼(ke)體中。主我(wo)們(men)看它是(shi)如何工作的(de)？?我(wo)們(men)從與自然吸(xi)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)式系統相同(tong)的(de)基本(ben)部件(jian)開始----空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)濾清(qing)器，進(jin)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)歧(qi)管(guan)，氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)缸(gang)，排(pai)(pai)(pai)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)歧(qi)管(guan)。?在(zai)這里加一(yi)個渦(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)增壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器。渦(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)增壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器的(de)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)部分(fen)連接在(zai)空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)濾清(qing)器和進(jin)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)歧(qi)管(guan)之間(jian)(jian)，而渦(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)部分(fen)連接在(zai)排(pai)(pai)(pai)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)歧(qi)管(guan)的(de)出口(kou)。?柴(chai)油發(fa)動機(ji)(ji)排(pai)(pai)(pai)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)中的(de)能量驅動渦(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)。當柴(chai)油發(fa)動機(ji)(ji)起動時，從排(pai)(pai)(pai)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)歧(qi)管(guan)出來的(de)排(pai)(pai)(pai)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)流被引導向渦(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)。渦(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)和壓(ya)(ya)(ya)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)固定在(zai)同(tong)一(yi)根軸上，排(pai)(pai)(pai)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)通(tong)(tong)過(guo)渦(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)上時，帶動渦(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)和壓(ya)(ya)(ya)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)轉動，排(pai)(pai)(pai)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)然后通(tong)(tong)過(guo)渦(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)增壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器出口(kou)，從排(pai)(pai)(pai)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)煙囪(cong)排(pai)(pai)(pai)出。進(jin)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)從空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)濾清(qing)器流入壓(ya)(ya)(ya)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)的(de)中心處。轉動的(de)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)縮(suo)空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，推動空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)進(jin)入氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)歧(qi)管(guan)和發(fa)動機(ji)(ji)的(de)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)缸(gang)。通(tong)(tong)過(guo)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)縮(suo)更多的(de)空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)進(jin)入氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)缸(gang)。
渦輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)增(zeng)壓(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)使(shi)發動(dong)機能燃燒更(geng)多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)燃油，產(chan)生更(geng)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)功率。?這(zhe)里，我(wo)們(men)(men)再次從與最(zui)基本(ben)的(de)(de)(de)(de)自(zi)然(ran)吸氣(qi)(qi)(qi)式系(xi)統相同(tong)部(bu)件開始。?然(ran)后(hou)(hou)用(yong)這(zhe)種辦法把渦輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)增(zeng)壓(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)和后(hou)(hou)冷(leng)(leng)器(qi)(qi)(qi)加(jia)入系(xi)統。后(hou)(hou)冷(leng)(leng)器(qi)(qi)(qi)連接在(zai)(zai)渦輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)增(zeng)壓(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)壓(ya)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)端的(de)(de)(de)(de)出(chu)口(kou)和進(jin)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)歧(qi)管之(zhi)間。?渦輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)增(zeng)壓(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)工作方式與在(zai)(zai)渦輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)增(zeng)壓(ya)系(xi)統一(yi)樣(yang)，這(zhe)里有(you)所(suo)不(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)是，經(jing)轉動(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)渦輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)增(zeng)壓(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)壓(ya)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)輪(lun)(lun)(lun)(lun)壓(ya)縮后(hou)(hou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)干凈空氣(qi)(qi)(qi)，在(zai)(zai)進(jin)入進(jin)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)歧(qi)管和發動(dong)機氣(qi)(qi)(qi)缸(gang)之(zhi)前經(jing)過后(hou)(hou)冷(leng)(leng)器(qi)(qi)(qi)。?兩個充滿(man)空氣(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)缸(gang)，氣(qi)(qi)(qi)缸(gang)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)容積是相同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)，但冷(leng)(leng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)空氣(qi)(qi)(qi)壓(ya)縮的(de)(de)(de)(de)更(geng)緊密(mi)，重量比同(tong)樣(yang)容積的(de)(de)(de)(de)熱的(de)(de)(de)(de)空氣(qi)(qi)(qi)更(geng)重。熱脹冷(leng)(leng)縮是事物的(de)(de)(de)(de)自(zi)然(ran)性(xing)質，因(yin)此我(wo)們(men)(men)用(yong)后(hou)(hou)冷(leng)(leng)器(qi)(qi)(qi)來(lai)收縮進(jin)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)，以(yi)使(shi)進(jin)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)密(mi)度更(geng)大(da)。因(yin)此，我(wo)們(men)(men)使(shi)得有(you)更(geng)多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)空氣(qi)(qi)(qi)----更(geng)多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)---用(yong)于燃燒。更(geng)多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)意味著更(geng)多(duo)燃油可以(yi)被燃燒。
從而產生更(geng)大的(de)功率。?后冷(leng)(leng)器(qi)(qi)也可以(yi)被(bei)稱為(wei)一(yi)個(ge)熱(re)交(jiao)換器(qi)(qi)，它(ta)是(shi)一(yi)個(ge)非常簡(jian)單的(de)設備。從發(fa)動(dong)機(ji)冷(leng)(leng)卻系(xi)統中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)過(guo)來的(de)水通(tong)過(guo)一(yi)個(ge)類似于小的(de)散熱(re)器(qi)(qi)芯中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)管路。經渦輪增壓器(qi)(qi)壓縮后的(de)空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)，圍繞著這(zhe)些管路流(liu)(liu)經后冷(leng)(leng)器(qi)(qi)芯。由于水的(de)溫(wen)度(du)比壓縮后空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)溫(wen)度(du)要低，所(suo)以(yi)空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)部(bu)分熱(re)量(liang)傳遞給后冷(leng)(leng)器(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)水。當空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)從后冷(leng)(leng)器(qi)(qi)出來時已(yi)經被(bei)冷(leng)(leng)卻，變的(de)更(geng)密集，然后進入進氣(qi)(qi)(qi)歧管。?另(ling)一(yi)種(zhong)后冷(leng)(leng)器(qi)(qi)使用外部(bu)的(de)空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)代(dai)替水來冷(leng)(leng)卻進氣(qi)(qi)(qi)。在這(zhe)種(zhong)情(qing)況下，進氣(qi)(qi)(qi)通(tong)過(guo)后冷(leng)(leng)器(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)管路；外部(bu)空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)圍繞著管路流(liu)(liu)動(dong)。帶(dai)走熱(re)量(liang)。?讓我們(men)迅(xun)速地(di)回顧(gu)一(yi)下已(yi)經介紹的(de)三種(zhong)進排(pai)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)系(xi)統。自然吸氣(qi)(qi)(qi)式系(xi)統：空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)進入空(kong)(kong)(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)濾清器(qi)(qi)，通(tong)過(guo)進氣(qi)(qi)(qi)歧管流(liu)(liu)入發(fa)動(dong)機(ji)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)缸，在那(nei)里燃燒；排(pai)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)通(tong)過(guo)排(pai)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)歧管和排(pai)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)煙囪(cong)被(bei)排(pai)出。
在(zai)這種(zhong)(zhong)系統(tong)中，空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)由于(yu)大氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)壓(ya)力(li)而被；進(jin)(jin)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)沖(chong)程中活(huo)塞往下運動使(shi)得(de)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)缸(gang)中壓(ya)力(li)變(bian)低，?另一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)系統(tong)—渦(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)增壓(ya)系統(tong)，當柴油發動機(ji)啟動時排氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)被引導向(xiang)渦(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)，使(shi)渦(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)轉動，渦(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)帶動壓(ya)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)輪(lun)(lun)一(yi)起(qi)旋轉。從空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)濾清器處過來的(de)(de)空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)進(jin)(jin)入壓(ya)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)輪(lun)(lun)的(de)(de)中心(xin)部(bu)分，轉動的(de)(de)壓(ya)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)輪(lun)(lun)壓(ya)縮空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，把(ba)空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)壓(ya)入進(jin)(jin)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)歧(qi)管(guan)，再進(jin)(jin)入發動的(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)缸(gang)。渦(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)增壓(ya)器比大氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)壓(ya)力(li)產生更(geng)(geng)大的(de)(de)推力(li)，因此增加了進(jin)(jin)入系統(tong)的(de)(de)空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)流量。?在(zai)渦(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)增壓(ya)器壓(ya)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)輪(lun)(lun)端的(de)(de)出口處加上一(yi)個后冷器，就(jiu)得(de)到了渦(wo)(wo)(wo)(wo)輪(lun)(lun)增壓(ya)后冷式系統(tong)。后冷器是一(yi)個熱交換器---一(yi)個用水或(huo)空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)來冷卻進(jin)(jin)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)設備。我(wo)們冷卻空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)以(yi)使(shi)它變(bian)得(de)更(geng)(geng)稠(chou)密，所以(yi)有更(geng)(geng)多的(de)(de)空(kong)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)能(neng)進(jin)(jin)入發動機(ji)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)缸(gang)。這使(shi)得(de)更(geng)(geng)多的(de)(de)氧氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)能(neng)用于(yu)燃燒，以(yi)允(yun)許發動機(ji)燃燒更(geng)(geng)多的(de)(de)燃油。產生更(geng)(geng)大的(de)(de)功率。
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