3643
挖掘機維修電噴柴油機低怠速運轉不穩定的原因
2019/9/16
挖掘機維修電噴柴油機低怠速運轉不穩定的原因
1. 挖(wa)掘（excavate)機維修供(gong)油(you)系統工作原(yuan)理利勃海爾 R944C 型挖(wa)掘機配裝(zhuang)了單體(ti)泵、高壓管、噴油(you)器組成的(de)供(gong)油(you)系統（簡稱(cheng) PLD 供(gong)油(you)系統）。維修挖掘機挖(wa)掘(jue)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)結構原理、拆(chai)卸和安(an)裝 方(fang)(fang)(fang)法(fa)、故(gu)障診(zhen)斷(duan)和排除(chu)方(fang)(fang)(fang)法(fa)，尤其(qi)對使(shi)用中帶普遍(bian)性和典型性的(de)(de)故(gu)障診(zhen)斷(duan)、排除(chu)方(fang)(fang)(fang)法(fa)以及挖(wa)掘(jue)機(ji)(ji)(ji)零部件的(de)(de)拆(chai)裝。柴油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)凸輪軸帶動(dong)(dong)進、排氣門運動(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)同時，帶動(dong)(dong)單體(ti)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)挺柱動(dong)(dong)作(zuo)。凸輪轉動(dong)(dong)時，頂動(dong)(dong)單體(ti)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)挺柱上行(xing)，由挺柱推動(dong)(dong)單體(ti)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)柱塞(sai)上移(yi)動(dong)(dong)。控(kong)制（control)器(qi)（ECU）根據柴油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)轉速傳感器(qi)(transducer)輸送的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)信號，控(kong)制單體(ti)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)上部回(hui)(hui)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)封(feng)閉閥(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)線圈(quan)通(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)與斷(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，進而(er)控(kong)制回(hui)(hui)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)封(feng)閉閥(fa)(fa)(fa)開、閉。回(hui)(hui)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)封(feng)閉閥(fa)(fa)(fa)封(feng)閉時段(duan)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)增壓(ya)，當燃(ran)(ran)(ran)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)壓(ya)力達到噴(pen)(pen)(pen)射壓(ya)力后，經噴(pen)(pen)(pen)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)器(qi)將燃(ran)(ran)(ran)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)噴(pen)(pen)(pen)入燃(ran)(ran)(ran)燒室，從而(er)實現柴油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)運轉。該型挖(wa)掘(jue)機(ji)(ji)(ji)柴油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)供(gong)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)系統如圖 1 所(suo)示(shi)。回(hui)(hui)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)封(feng)閉閥(fa)(fa)(fa)安(an)（Safety valve）裝在單體(ti)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)的(de)(de)上部，其(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)線圈(quan)通(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)持續時間決定了(le)單體(ti)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)供(gong)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)量。電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)線圈(quan)斷(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時，單體(ti)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)回(hui)(hui)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)道打開，單體(ti)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)內(nei)的(de)(de)柱塞(sai)即使(shi)已開始泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)，也不能建立高(gao)壓(ya)。只有當電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)(magnet valve )通(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)、回(hui)(hui)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)道關閉時，油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)壓(ya)才(cai)可迅(xun)速升(sheng)高(gao)，高(gao)壓(ya)燃(ran)(ran)(ran)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)經過(guo)高(gao)壓(ya)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)管進入噴(pen)(pen)(pen)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)器(qi)使(shi)其(qi)噴(pen)(pen)(pen)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)線圈(quan)斷(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時回(hui)(hui)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)道打開，單體(ti)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)迅(xun)速溢流卸壓(ya)，供(gong)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)停止。單體(ti)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)(beng)工(gong)作(zuo)循(xun)環如圖
2 所示，單體泵(beng)四(si)個工作行(xing)(xing)程(cheng)(cheng)如下所述(shu)。吸入行(xing)(xing)程(cheng)(cheng)： 凸輪(lun)轉動(dong)時(shi)(shi)帶(dai)(dai)動(dong)柱(zhu)(zhu)塞(sai)下行(xing)(xing)，使(shi)(shi)輸油(you)(you)(you)泵(beng)(Deep well pump)來油(you)(you)(you)經回油(you)(you)(you)封閉(bi)閥(fa)(fa)進入柱(zhu)(zhu)塞(sai)腔。預壓行(xing)(xing)程(cheng)(cheng)： 凸輪(lun)帶(dai)(dai)動(dong)柱(zhu)(zhu)塞(sai)上行(xing)(xing)，給柱(zhu)(zhu)塞(sai)腔中的燃油(you)(you)(you)加壓。此(ci)(ci)時(shi)(shi)回油(you)(you)(you)封閉(bi)閥(fa)(fa)未關閉(bi)，柱(zhu)(zhu)塞(sai)腔中的燃油(you)(you)(you)保持(chi)低壓狀態。輸出行(xing)(xing)程(cheng)(cheng)： 凸輪(lun)繼(ji)續帶(dai)(dai)動(dong)柱(zhu)(zhu)塞(sai)上行(xing)(xing)，此(ci)(ci)時(shi)(shi)電(dian)磁(ci)線(xian)圈(quan)得電(dian)，使(shi)(shi)回油(you)(you)(you)封閉(bi)閥(fa)(fa)關閉(bi)，柱(zhu)(zhu)塞(sai)腔燃油(you)(you)(you)壓力升高。當燃油(you)(you)(you)到達噴(pen)射壓力時(shi)(shi)，噴(pen)油(you)(you)(you)器噴(pen)油(you)(you)(you)。泄壓行(xing)(xing)程(cheng)(cheng)： 凸輪(lun)繼(ji)續轉動(dong)，帶(dai)(dai)動(dong)柱(zhu)(zhu)塞(sai)上行(xing)(xing)，此(ci)(ci)時(shi)(shi)電(dian)磁(ci)線(xian)圈(quan)已斷(duan)電(dian)，噴(pen)油(you)(you)(you)結束，回油(you)(you)(you)封閉(bi)閥(fa)(fa)打開，柱(zhu)(zhu)塞(sai)腔泄油(you)(you)(you)。
2. 挖(wa)掘機修(xiu)理故障（fault）排查(cha)首先(xian)，檢查(cha)柴油(you)機空氣濾(lv)清器(qi)(qi)無阻塞，增壓(ya)器(qi)(qi)運行正(zheng)常(chang)，中冷正(zheng)常(chang)。挖掘機維修由于挖掘(jue)機結(jie)構復雜、技(ji)術(shu)含(han)量(liang)高(gao)、工(gong)作負荷(he)大、施工(gong)環境惡劣，出現故障在(zai)所難免,本公司(si)對挖掘(jue)機各癥狀有豐富的(de)經驗，技(ji)術(shu)實力強。修理挖掘機業的(de)挖(wa)掘機(ji)(ji)(ji)維修(xiu)(xiu)廠，修(xiu)(xiu)理挖(wa)掘機(ji)(ji)(ji)冒黑煙,水溫(wen)高(gao),難(nan)啟動(dong),動(dong)作慢,憋車故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)，專(zhuan)業技術(shu)團隊,修(xiu)(xiu)理各種品牌(pai)挖(wa)掘機(ji)(ji)(ji)疑難(nan)故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)。其次，使用利勃海爾專(zhuan)用 SCULI 軟件檢查(cha)柴油(you)(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)供油(you)(you)(you)情況，發現柴油(you)(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)低怠速(su)運(yun)轉過程(cheng)(guò chéng)中(zhong)供油(you)(you)(you)量在不斷變化(hua)，由此確(que)定該柴油(you)(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)供油(you)(you)(you)系統(tong)存在故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)。最后，檢查(cha)柴油(you)(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)轉速(su)傳(chuan)感器(qi)、柴油(you)(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)控制器(qi)（ECU）、柴油(you)(you)(you)濾(lv)清(qing)器(qi)、輸油(you)(you)(you)泵(Deep well pump)、噴油(you)(you)(you)器(qi)以及供油(you)(you)(you)管路均(jun)未發現問題(Emerson)。但(dan)是(shi)在更換新(xin)的(de)單(dan)體泵后，發現柴油(you)(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)(ji)低怠速(su)運(yun)轉穩(wen)定（解釋:穩(wen)固安定；沒有變動(dong))，且“嗡(weng)、嗡(weng)”異響(xiang)消失(shi)。由此判定該故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)是(shi)單(dan)體泵磨損(sun)所致。
3. 維(wei)修(xiu)挖掘（excavate)機(ji)(ji)原(yuan)因(yin)(yin)分析(Analyse)分析認(ren)為(wei)，柴(chai)(chai)(chai)(chai)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)低怠速(su)時轉(zhuan)速(su)不(bu)穩定(ding)(ding)(ding)故(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)（fault），原(yuan)因(yin)(yin)是(shi)(shi)供(gong)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)量(liang)（噴油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)量(liang)）不(bu)穩定(ding)(ding)(ding)。而(er)(er)供(gong)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)量(liang)不(bu)穩的(de)(de)根源(yuan)是(shi)(shi)單(dan)體(ti)(ti)泵(beng)存(cun)在(zai)故(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)，其(qi)發(fa)生(sheng)故(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)的(de)(de)部位(wei)可能有 2 處：一(yi)是(shi)(shi)柱(zhu)塞腔產生(sheng)燃(ran)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)泄(xie)漏(lou)(lou)(lou)，二(er)是(shi)(shi)電磁線(xian)圈(winding)控(kong)制（control)的(de)(de)回(hui)(hui)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)封(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)閉(bi)(bi)(bi)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)產生(sheng)燃(ran)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)泄(xie)漏(lou)(lou)(lou)。單(dan)體(ti)(ti)泵(beng)安裝在(zai)柴(chai)(chai)(chai)(chai)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)缸體(ti)(ti)上，其(qi)柱(zhu)塞腔下側位(wei)于(yu)凸輪上方(fang)。若(ruo)(ruo)柱(zhu)塞嚴重(zhong)(zhong)磨(mo)(mo)損（零部件失效的(de)(de)一(yi)種基本類型），將(jiang)導(dao)致柴(chai)(chai)(chai)(chai)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)進(jin)入(ru)缸體(ti)(ti)內的(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)當中。由于(yu)現(xian)場檢查時未(wei)發(fa)現(xian)柴(chai)(chai)(chai)(chai)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)機(ji)(ji)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)變質、油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)位(wei)升高(gao)等現(xian)象，因(yin)(yin)此可以(yi)(yi)判定(ding)(ding)(ding)柱(zhu)塞腔不(bu)存(cun)在(zai)泄(xie)漏(lou)(lou)(lou)故(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)。單(dan)體(ti)(ti)泵(beng)回(hui)(hui)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)封(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)閉(bi)(bi)(bi)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)受電磁線(xian)圈控(kong)制，柴(chai)(chai)(chai)(chai)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)運(yun)(yun)轉(zhuan)時，回(hui)(hui)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)封(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)閉(bi)(bi)(bi)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)需(xu)高(gao)速(su)封(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)閉(bi)(bi)(bi)和打開(kai)。回(hui)(hui)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)封(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)閉(bi)(bi)(bi)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)高(gao)速(su)開(kai)閉(bi)(bi)(bi)的(de)(de)往復運(yun)(yun)動(dong)會產生(sheng)頻(pin)繁摩擦，若(ruo)(ruo)柴(chai)(chai)(chai)(chai)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)質量(liang)不(bu)好將(jiang)造(zao)成其(qi)磨(mo)(mo)損。回(hui)(hui)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)封(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)閉(bi)(bi)(bi)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)磨(mo)(mo)損嚴重(zhong)(zhong)后(hou)，必然(ran)導(dao)致燃(ran)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)產生(sheng)內泄(xie)漏(lou)(lou)(lou)。經拆檢 4 個單(dan)體(ti)(ti)泵(beng)回(hui)(hui)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)封(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)閉(bi)(bi)(bi)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)，發(fa)現(xian)其(qi)進(jin)、出油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)口均已(yi)嚴重(zhong)(zhong)磨(mo)(mo)損，不(bu)能起到密(mi)封(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)作(zuo)用。單(dan)體(ti)(ti)泵(beng)回(hui)(hui)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)封(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)閉(bi)(bi)(bi)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)泄(xie)漏(lou)(lou)(lou)位(wei)置（position )如圖 3 所示。單(dan)體(ti)(ti)泵(beng)回(hui)(hui)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)封(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)閉(bi)(bi)(bi)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)內泄(xie)漏(lou)(lou)(lou)，造(zao)成柴(chai)(chai)(chai)(chai)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)在(zai)低怠速(su)運(yun)(yun)轉(zhuan)狀態(tai)下供(gong)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)量(liang)不(bu)足(zu)，即轉(zhuan)速(su)不(bu)穩定(ding)(ding)(ding)。而(er)(er)柴(chai)(chai)(chai)(chai)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)在(zai)高(gao)怠速(su)或工作(zuo)速(su)度狀態(tai)下之所以(yi)(yi)運(yun)(yun)轉(zhuan)穩定(ding)(ding)(ding)，是(shi)(shi)因(yin)(yin)為(wei)柴(chai)(chai)(chai)(chai)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)在(zai)轉(zhuan)速(su)提高(gao)后(hou)，供(gong)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)量(liang)也(ye)相(xiang)應(ying)增大，此時單(dan)體(ti)(ti)泵(beng)回(hui)(hui)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)封(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)閉(bi)(bi)(bi)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)內泄(xie)漏(lou)(lou)(lou)對柴(chai)(chai)(chai)(chai)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)運(yun)(yun)轉(zhuan)的(de)(de)影響(influence)減(jian)小。
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