挖掘機是土方工程的主要施工機械，廣泛應用于建筑、道路建設、水利、露天采礦和國防工程等領域。維修挖掘機第一臺液壓挖掘機由法國波克蘭工廠發明成功。由于液壓技術的應用，20世紀40年代有了在拖拉機上配裝液壓反鏟地懸掛式挖掘機。修理挖掘機常見的挖掘機結構包括，動力裝置，工作裝置，回轉機構，操縱機構，傳動機構，行走機構和輔助設施等。挖掘機修理最初挖(wa)掘(jue)機是手動的(de)(de)，從發明到(dao)現在已經有一百三十多(duo)年了(le)，期間經歷了(le)由蒸汽驅(qu)動斗(dou)回轉(zhuan)挖(wa)掘(jue)機到(dao)電力驅(qu)動和內燃機驅(qu)動回轉(zhuan)挖(wa)掘(jue)機、應(ying)用機電液一體化(hua)技術的(de)(de)全自動液壓挖(wa)掘(jue)機的(de)(de)逐步發展過程(cheng)。

挖掘機(ji)不(bu)(bu)能啟動或(huo)啟動困難1.1電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣系統故(gu)障1.1.1蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)不(bu)(bu)足，此時(shi)(shi)應(ying)及(ji)時(shi)(shi)給蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，檢(jian)查蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)液位，及(ji)時(shi)(shi)向(xiang)指定高度(du)添加電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)液。如果發現電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)老(lao)化(hua)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)不(bu)(bu)良，應(ying)更(geng)換電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)，并注意電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的日常(chang)保(bao)養(yang)，不(bu)(bu)要讓電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)經(jing)常(chang)處于丟失(shi)狀態。1.1.2起動機(ji)未能修理或(huo)更(geng)換起動機(ji)。1.1.3發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)故(gu)障維修或(huo)更(geng)換發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)。1.1.4錯誤電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)，檢(jian)查電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)和(he)維修。

1.2發動(dong)機(ji)油(you)(you)路(lu)(lu)故(gu)障1.2.1低(di)壓油(you)(you)路(lu)(lu)空(kong)氣(qi)阻(zu)(zu)力在輸(shu)油(you)(you)泵(beng)或噴油(you)(you)泵(beng)的抽吸(xi)下(xia)，燃(ran)油(you)(you)從(cong)油(you)(you)箱(xiang)通過低(di)壓油(you)(you)路(lu)(lu)輸(shu)送到高壓泵(beng)。如(ru)果(guo)低(di)壓油(you)(you)路(lu)(lu)閉合(he)不緊，或者油(you)(you)箱(xiang)內油(you)(you)位過低(di)，車輛(liang)停放傾(qing)斜行駛，空(kong)氣(qi)就會趁機(ji)進入(ru)油(you)(you)路(lu)(lu)；如(ru)果(guo)空(kong)氣(qi)溫度高，燃(ran)油(you)(you)蒸發，低(di)壓油(you)(you)路(lu)(lu)會形(xing)成空(kong)氣(qi)阻(zu)(zu)力，導致發動(dong)機(ji)運行不穩定，自動(dong)熄火或發動(dong)機(ji)無法啟動(dong)。

　　1.2.2油(you)路(lu)(lu)堵塞(sai)油(you)路(lu)(lu)堵塞(sai)的(de)(de)常見問題(ti)部位主要有油(you)箱(xiang)內(nei)(nei)的(de)(de)吸油(you)管(guan)、濾(lv)網、柴(chai)油(you)濾(lv)清器、油(you)箱(xiang)蓋通氣孔等。造成(cheng)油(you)路(lu)(lu)堵塞(sai)的(de)(de)主要研究(jiu)問題(ti)是(shi)注入了一(yi)個不(bu)符合國家標準(zhun)的(de)(de)柴(chai)油(you)，或(huo)在加油(you)學習過程中混進(jin)雜質。預防工作(zuo)關鍵是(shi)如何保(bao)證我(wo)國柴(chai)油(you)清潔及(ji)(ji)油(you)路(lu)(lu)密封，對(dui)油(you)路(lu)(lu)需要進(jin)行企(qi)業經(jing)常性保(bao)養，加強對(dui)柴(chai)油(you)濾(lv)清器的(de)(de)清潔保(bao)養，及(ji)(ji)時(shi)數(shu)據清洗或(huo)更換濾(lv)芯，根據學生作(zuo)業管(guan)理環境經(jing)濟條件可(ke)以及(ji)(ji)時(shi)對(dui)油(you)箱(xiang)內(nei)(nei)部進(jin)行有效清洗，徹底(di)去除(chu)油(you)箱(xiang)底(di)部的(de)(de)油(you)泥及(ji)(ji)水分。

1.2.3噴油(you)泵柱塞和噴油(you)泵輸油(you)閥(fa)聯軸(zhou)器的失效嚴重，導(dao)致(zhi)發動機啟動困(kun)難。此時(shi)應(ying)及時(shi)更換柱塞與(yu)油(you)閥(fa)聯軸(zhou)器。

2.挖(wa)掘機(ji)無法(fa)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)。2.1發動機(ji)動力(li)充足，運(yun)(yun)轉(zhuan)正常，而挖(wa)掘機(ji)運(yun)(yun)轉(zhuan)緩(huan)慢(man)(man)(man)，無法(fa)挖(wa)掘。2.1.1挖(wa)掘機(ji)的(de)液(ye)壓(ya)泵(beng)(beng)多為變排(pai)量(liang)活塞泵(beng)(beng)。工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)一定(ding)時間后(hou)，泵(beng)(beng)的(de)內部(bu)(bu)零(ling)件不(bu)(bu)可避免地磨損，導致內部(bu)(bu)泄漏，各(ge)種參數的(de)數據不(bu)(bu)協調(diao)，導致流量(liang)不(bu)(bu)足，油(you)溫過高(gao)，速(su)度慢(man)(man)(man)，無法(fa)建立高(gao)壓(ya)，因(yin)此動作(zuo)(zuo)緩(huan)慢(man)(man)(man)而無力(li)。對于這類問(wen)題(ti)，必須拆下液(ye)壓(ya)泵(beng)(beng)進(jin)行數據測量(liang)，確認問(wen)題(ti)，更換不(bu)(bu)能連續(xu)使用的(de)部(bu)(bu)件，或者修理可以連續(xu)使用的(de)部(bu)(bu)件，然后(hou)在標(biao)定(ding)臺上重新組裝調(diao)試，匹配各(ge)回(hui)路的(de)參數(壓(ya)力(li)、流量(liang)、功率、變量(liang)等)。).

　　2.1.2挖掘機(ji)上一個非常(chang)重(zhong)要影(ying)響液壓系統元件－多(duo)路分(fen)配閥(fa)(fa)(fa)，上面有主(zhu)安全閥(fa)(fa)(fa)、二(er)次閥(fa)(fa)(fa)、溢流(liu)閥(fa)(fa)(fa)、補油閥(fa)(fa)(fa)等。若這些閥(fa)(fa)(fa)所設(she)定的壓力管理達不到(dao)(dao)國家(jia)標準進行壓力則導致數據挖掘企業(ye)無力。另(ling)外，若閥(fa)(fa)(fa)桿與閥(fa)(fa)(fa)孔(kong)之間沒有因為這種磨損而間隙(xi)過(guo)大(da)，閥(fa)(fa)(fa)桿回位(wei)不完全、換向不到(dao)(dao)位(wei)，則大(da)量內漏，導致網絡流(liu)量能(neng)力不足(zu)，速度發展緩(huan)慢。